Maybe think of it in terms of total volume of barrel + cartridge case. By the time the bullet is about to exit the muzzle it is at least evenly distributed, probably pressure slightly higher in the case itself. Come the point when the bullet leaves the muzzle, all that pressure now gets vented forwards unhindered, except for barrel resistance. In the case of a magnum size cartridge behind a .22 barrel, that will be quite a rush of fast gases hitting the throat area of the barrel and they will be at a relatively high pressure for longer due to the small diameter (=more resistance to gas flow) of the barrel.
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