Lets say we have 2 projectiles, and both weight 150gr. One is a traditional lead core ELD type projectile (lets say like an ELDM) and the other has an aluminium inner in order to make it longer, but keep the same overall weight - the one with the aluminium core will be the same weight but have a significantly better BC as its longer for its given weight. The other way to significantly increase the BC without adding weight would be to make the projectile longer by having a large air cavity up the front, thus increasing length/BC while keeping weight the same. Its not so easy to put into practice though due to issues with making sure the projectiles are properly balanced when you start getting exotic with their construction.
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