There is some weirdities in this though - some barrels just don't follow the rules or write their own despite the laws of physics and ballistics.
I have one here that is giving me an issue - it's a bog standard 1-10 Rem .308, but it just doesn't follow the velocity rules. With reloads I can hit the full case and start compressing the powder - with from what I can see no pressure signs at all and the main issue I have is with factory loads it just doesn't hit the ballistics charts by a long way off. If it was a sticky barrel that required more push I could understand it, but... As another example subsonic loads that work fine in another .308 are well supersonic in this one - it requires an entire grain less powder to get to a reliable subsonic velocity. Must just be a very slippery barrel, which from what I have in my head is the opposite of what should happen as 1-12" twist being the norm this barrel at 1-10" should be slower not slicker. For a factory barrel it's a bit of a head scratcher, I've never run into this before. It's not lacking for accuracy, just horsepower to get to a decent distance without falling off a cliff.
As far as barrel length and powder burn - the .22LR is a good example of this. Max speed is usually in the 14-16" barrel range, some 24" or 26" barrels actually run slower velocities than the shorter ones.
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