If your wanting to shoot deer out to 750m then realistically some of the more potent 7mm or 30 cals are where you should start looking (7 rem mag/300wsm etc).
There are plenty of other calibers that are capable of taking deer out to these ranges in good conditions, but to do it consistently, a bit more energy and less wind drift are very desirable.
At longer ranges, wind is going to be the hardest thing to judge and a heavy round with a high bc at a reasonable speed is going to help when your wind calls are not as perfect as you would have liked them to be!
Hand loading will lower costs and enable you to get the best accuracy from your rifle.
A good laser rangefinder is also going to be a necessity, so if you don't already have one then you should also budget for that too.
There are plenty of rifles around the $1200 mark with accuracy (.5 MOA) capable of hunting to the ranges you have mentioned.
A good scope that dials repeatable is also a must so buy the best that you can afford.
Good luck!
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