I think there was definitely a bit of both. My great grandfather was a farm labourer for hire in the Rangwahia/Apiti area. He was actively involved in releasing the red deer in the area, and within a relatively short period of time, In hunting them too. Like all things you always have a benefit in having access too money and a licence fee would have ben seen as a restrictive management tool to prevent early over harvest. Also those early guys would have seen much value in being locals and able to offer a guiding and hospitality service/ earn some income, from tourist hunters.
No matter what the original intent was should not take away form the culture that quickly developed of a sport for everyman.
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