Both capable, 308 for short barrel, 06 longer barrel. If i could only have one of either it would be the 30 06 , i think it's a bit more versatile especially when the heavy bullets are needed.
I have used both and currently have a 3006, the 06 was my go to rifle for 10-15 years and I shot quite a number of animals with it. The 308 to me is about ideal as a bush rifle and would suit the short barrel, once again a very capable round better suited to the 150 165 gr bullets.
Maybe another option would be a 19-20 inch barreled 284 Win, has a good range of projectiles to choose from lighter bullets for smaller game , heavier ones for longer range and targets.
You'll need your thinking cap on for this one but the choice is yours.
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