Recoil is directly proportional to the weight of the firearm versus the weight and velocity of the ejecta (powder and bullet). The effect of recoil can be mitigated by the fit of the firearm to the user, shooting stance, and add-on items such as recoil pad, muzzle brake, and suppressor. Assuming the fit and stance are correct then the greatest reduction effect will be from a properly designed suppressor and a good recoil pad. A proper suppressor design will incorporate an effective muzzle brake coupled with an efficient baffle design. Over-barrel suppressors use the rear chamber to reduce gas pressure exhausted from the brake while the baffle design should consist of a series of shaped chambers that use the front surface of each chamber to absorb some of the forward force of the ejecting gases, thus tending to exert a counter-recoil force. The sound suppression also makes things a lot more pleasant for the shooter and tends to reducing flinching (refer to 'stance' mentioned earlier). A good suppressor is, overall, more effective than a good muzzle brake.
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