You're of course correct regarding the burnt powder/water vapour creating an electrolyte and corrosion risk. In my opinion though the corrosion would predominantly not be due to dissimilar metal galvanic action - I would expect very nearly the same corrosion between a carbon steel suppressor & carbon steel barrel as between a stainless steel suppressor and a carbon steel barrel.
Re. aluminium suppressors, normally the aluminium would come off worst (be the anode) in a steel:aluminium pairing. So in your example I'm sure there can be corrosion, I just don't think it would be galvanically driven to attack the steel.
ADDED: Anyway, I like Gundoc's idea of high strength loctite. Apart from avoiding some of the potential issues with welding, done properly it would also be a sealant at the suppressor/barrel interface and prevent corrosion in these joints.
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