The 22LR is the only one that can be shot indoors do ypu need that. They can also be pretty well silenced for farm shooting.
My usual recommendation for first centrefire is the 30-06 because your shots wil not be perfect but the deer will go down.😃😃
That means your lad will need to wait a couple of years before hes ready to use it. Dont make the mistake of srnding him out for deer or even goats with a sub powered calibre like 223 or 243 - they are good in expert hands.
The 7mm08 also puts them down fairly well so thats my second choice. Be fussy with the ammo you use some is more effective than others. Nosler Ballistic Tip bullets are a top benchmark and available in Norma and Winchester factory ammo.
A T1x 22 paired with a T3x 3006 later will set you up real good. Ideally use similar scopes but for 22 close focus is helpful while in a centrefire a high level of waterproofness ruggedness and simplicity are required.
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